Presented to the Buddha Center on Sunday, April 19, 2015.
The Lion’s Roar of the Universal Ruler
Digha Nikaya 26
Country: Magada
Locale: Matula
Speaker: The Buddha
Type: sermon
The motif of the “lion’s roar” (sihanada), which also refers to a “brave speech” – PED has “a song of ecstasy; a shout of exaltation” (p. 714) – recurs frequently throughout the Digha Nikaya. It appears in the title of three suttas (8, 25, and 26). It is used to refer to the Buddhavacana and the certainty that it creates, and it is also used ironically. The second division of the Majjhima Nikaya, consisting of ten suttas, is also called the Lion’s Roar, as are two suttas in the set (11 and 12). The metaphor is obvious. Just as the lion is the lord of the forest, so too is the Buddha the lord of the sangha. Nanamoli and Bodhi say that “a ‘lion’s roar,’ according to MA, is a roar of supremacy and fearlessness, a roar that cannot be confuted.” In addition, the Buddha is reputed to be descended from the sun, and the lion is a universal solar symbol.
The Great Lion’s Roar (DN 8) demonstrates the Buddha’s claim to Buddhahood and his path being the supreme dharma. In the Great Lion’s Roar to the Udumbarikans (DN 25), the Buddha proclaims the true dharma that transcends the dharma of the wanderers. In addition, in the Lion’s Roar on the Turning of the Wheel (DN 26), the Buddha reveals the secret of how to access the power of the dharma that confers emancipation.
This sutta feels like a manual, much like the Greater Discourse on the Foundations of Mindfulness (sutta 22).
The Dharma Refuge
We find the Buddha in Matula, Magadha. This place is not described in the sutta nor have I been able to find out anything about it, other than that it was a town. Here the Buddha recites his famous pronouncement, which highlights and distils similar expressions that we have found expressed elsewhere in the suttas: “Monks, be islands unto yourselves, be a refuge unto yourselves with no other refuge. Let the Dhamma be your island; let the Dhamma be your refuge, with no other refuge.” Walshe notes that there is a possibility that the word (Pali dipa) translated “island” (Skt. dvipa) in this passage may actually mean “lamp” (Skt. dipa). The word also means ‘help, support,’ which actually seems to be the most plausible meaning given the subsequent reference to “refuge.” It’s also possible that the Buddha was employing a double entendre. Implicitly, the Buddha is identifying self and dharma.
The Four Attentions
The Buddha then asks: How does one dwell as a refuge unto oneself? The answer is that the monastic observes the Four Attentions. We have discussed these in connection with the Mahasatipatthana Sutta (DN 22). These consist in cultivating naked attention directed toward the body, feelings, mind, and mind-objects.
The “Ancestral Haunts”
He then concludes with the following advice: “Keep to your own preserves (gocare), monks, to your ancestral haunts (pettike visaye). If you do so, then Mara will find no lodgement, no foothold. It is just by the building-up of wholesome states that this merit increases.” What is the Buddha actually saying here? I was intrigued by the phrases “pastures” and “ancestral haunts,” and so decided to look a bit more deeply into these words. Gocara means “suitable place.” Similarly, visaya means “locality,” and pettika, from peta, ‘gone before,’ means ‘paternal.’ The Buddha may be alluding to the forest, the traditional residence of Buddhist monastics, which the Buddha recommends frequently throughout the Pali Canon, the implication being that in the absence of temptations, good states and merit increase. This is also the place where the Buddha overcame fear.
This is the actual end of the sutta, to which, as we have seen a few times before, a story has been spliced on, in this case with no segue whatsoever.
The Sacred Wheel Treasure
The story concerns a king called Dalhanemi, described as “a righteous monarch of the law, conqueror of the four quarters, who had established the security of his realm and was possessed of the seven treasures.” We’ve encountered a wheel-turning monarch before, being King Mahasuddassana of Kusinara, made famous for Ananda’s calling it “a miserable little town of wattle and daub” shortly before the Buddha’s death in the Mahasudassana Sutta (DN 17). We discussed the meaning of the seven treasures in connection with that sutta. Here, as there, we are mainly interested in the Wheel Treasure. When the Wheel treasure “slips from its position,” the king will die soon. The king appoints his eldest son, the Crown prince, to take over running the state, and joins the sangha in anticipation of his death. Seven days later, the Wheel Treasure vanishes. His son goes to the “royal sage” and tells him that the Wheel Treasure has vanished. The king explains that the Wheel Treasure is not a hereditary possession, but that his son must earn it. If he does so, then on the uposatha day that Wheel Treasure may appear to him too. Incidentally, for those who might have seen Scorsese’s movie Kundun, about the young Dalai Lama, you may remember a golden wheel, quite large and heavy-looking, presented to the Dalai Lama at his coronation. This is the Wheel Treasure, which identifies the Dalai Lama as a “royal sage.” Sometimes this is translated as “prince-priest.”
The Role of the Aryan Wheel Turning Monarch
The duty of a wheel-turning monarch is fivefold: to (1) honour the Dharma by maintaining the state based on the legal, ethical, and political philosophy of the Buddhas, (2) establish the security of the state, including protecting the environment, (3) establish justice, (4) provide welfare for those in need, and (5) advise the sangha on matters of practical policy. Thus, it is explicit that Buddhism, like Islam, is a political-spiritual philosophy, not merely spiritual (in fact, most spiritual philosophies have some sort of political implication, but in the case of Buddhism and Islam it is explicit). The equal emphasis on security, justice, and welfare sounds positively modern! The role of the wheel-turning monarch in connection with ethics is interesting. The king seems to be a supremely enlightened householder, whose legal and ethical character is unimpeachable – ideally, of course! – so that in relation to the sangha he exercises the role of a worldly advisor, like a chaplain but in reverse. This establishes once again what the Buddha also established by making the sangha dependent on the people for alms, so that the sangha would always be subject to the people and not the reverse. The Buddha was not trying to establish a theocracy.
King Dalhanemi’s son rules righteously, and one day when the king is on his verandah at the top of his palace after having washed his head, observing the uposatha, the Wheel Treasure appears to him: “the sacred Wheel Treasure appeared to him, thousand-spoked, complete with feloe, hub and all appurtenances.” Those of you who attended my talk on sutta 17 will remember how King Mahasudassana conquered his neighbours peacefully through the power of dharma, led on by the Wheel Treasure, which appeared as a luminous flying object that guided him from place to place, as though it had intelligence. Here the story is basically the same. This story is clearly an allegory for the idea of the power of the state being governed by ethics, identified with dharma, and expanding to include neighbouring states under the same regimen, thus eventually establishing a pacific global dharma empire. King Dalhanemi’s dharma society was based on six precepts:
- Do not murder.
- Respect property.
- Do not commit adultery.
- No drunkenness.
- Be moderate in consumption.
Establishing a society based on these principles is less obvious than first appears. Our society, for example, violates every one of them, thus bringing upon itself the same karma that it imposes on others. One also finds the idea of establishing a dharma society in the Kalachakra.
Moderation in eating is of course one of the most important precepts of the Vinaya for the monastics.
This story reminds me of the story of Moses bringing down the tablets of the law in Exodus.
The Buddhist View of History
The Doctrine of Dharma Decline
The Devolution of Society and the Arising of Property
Human Longevity
Downward and Upward Cycles
The Buddhist Apocalypse
King Dalhanemi’s son dies and is succeeded by a succession of wheel- turning kings, being seven in all (the text does not count King Dalhanemi himself as one).
The last royal sage in this succession, which obviously lasted many thousands, perhaps even millions, of years,[1] is told that the Wheel Treasure had slipped from its position. In accordance with the custom, the royal sage ordains in the sangha and prepares to die. Seven days later, the Wheel Treasure disappears.
The eighth successor does not consult his predecessor concerning the duties of a wheel-turning monarch. Instead, he decides to govern based on his own views, resulting in an overall reduction of the prosperity of the people. Clearly, the Buddha is interested in economic ways of thinking. In response to the criticism of his ministers and others, he consults them on the duties of a wheel-turning monarch, and based on their advice he establishes “guard and protection,” but he does not establish a welfare system. A conservative, presumably. As a result, the Buddha traces a logical progression, similar to other progressions we’ve studied in connection with the paticcasamuppada, in which not giving property to the needy results in widespread stealing. Because of the increase in stealing, the king is forced to give property to those who steal. As a result, an epidemic of stealing breaks out! The Buddha clearly understands the intricacies of effective statecraft and the concept of “unintended consequences” in addition to the law of karma! In response to the epidemic of stealing, the king institutes beheading, a punishment to which we have alluded in a past talk. As a result, people begin to steal other people’s property and cut off their heads [sic], resulting in gangsterism. As a result, the longevity and beauty of the people falls. Over time, the “lifespan” falls from 80,000 to 10 years. We have discussed this longevity cycle in previous talks too. Also lying, gossip, adultery and sexual misconduct, harsh speech and idle chatter, covetousness and hatred, false opinions, incest, greed, “deviant practices,” and lack of respect for authority have all been progressively increasing all through historical times.
Incidentally, I don’t take this human longevity index ranging from 80,000 to 10 years and back again any more literally than I take the gross domestic product. The way I take it is that these numbers are indicators of the overall quality of life, of which longevity is only one indicator. Quality of life is expressed in years as a convention, similar to bond durations in finance.
Miccha-dhamma is translated by Walshe as “deviant practices,” apparently influenced by the commentary. The dictionary definition of dhamma is ‘doctrine, nature, truth, the Norm, morality, good conduct.’ Miccha is ‘untruth, falsehood, false, wrongly, wrong.’ To my ear, “deviant practices” has a connotation that is not borne out by these definitions: “false beliefs or wrong behaviour” seems like a more accurate rendering.
This brings us to the extended present of history, when the human lifespan is about 100 years. According to the Buddhist world-view, the continuing decline of dharma will result in a future deterioration in the quality of human life, till human morality itself disappears and humans revert to the animal state – “all will be promiscuous in the world like goats and sheep, fowl and pigs, dogs and jackets. Among them, fierce enmity will prevail one for another, fierce hatred, fierce anger and thoughts of killing, mother against child and child against mother, father against child and child against father, brother against brother, brother against sister, just as the hunter feels hatred for the beast he stalks.”
You’ll notice that the progression in this succession of world-turning monarchs, beginning with 80,000 years, falls at a regular rate, from 80,000 to 40,000; 20,000; 10,000; 5,000; 2,500/2,000; 1,000; 500; 250/200; and 100 years. Each step represents a halving, with a break at 2,500 and 250, where (the text states) some beings only lived for 2,000 and 200 years respectively, thus allowing the halving to continue. Between 100 and 10 years, the steps are left out, but can be inferred as 50, 25/20, and 10. Since the duration between the ages must be equal to the ages themselves, since each world-ruling monarch succeeds each other on his predecessor’s death, assuming each monarch lives out a full lifespan, change accelerates exponentially as the lifespans fall.[2]
The low point of this process is the advent of the satthantarakappa (Pali sattha + antarakappa), when the majority of human beings will kill each other off in a very short time, “mistak[ing] one another for wild beasts,” as the text says, nearly destroying human civilization. This enantiodromia is designated by the term sattanatarakappa. Walshe translates this as “sword-interval,” but the primary meaning of sattha is ‘science.’ We may therefore translate the name as ‘the age of science.’[3] Clearly, we are currently living in the descending arc of this cycle.
There is a common view that a Buddha always appears at the low point of the historical cycle. However, this view is not borne out by the texts.
Two Kinds of Beings
For the duration of the sword interval, a remnant of those humans who eschew violence will survive in remote, inhospitable, and inaccessible places. After the majority of the race has destroyed each other, these people will emerge and establish a new civilization based on the precepts of the dharma, which has clearly not been forgotten. Interestingly, this is exactly the scenario that resulted in the emergence of mammals including Homo sapiens as a result of the Fifth Mass Extinction (about 65 million B.P.). As a result, the “longevity” increases from 10 to 80,000 years. At the end of this evolutionary arc, greed, fasting, and old age will be the only diseases known. Jambudipa (Skt. Jambudvipa) – the Indian subcontinent – identified with the realm of humans and the dharma itself, will be powerful and prosperous, with numerous highly populated villages, towns, and cities. Using the same methodology as above, the time from the sword interval to the beginning of the final phase of the evolutionary arc is about 80,000 years in the future, after the “age of science,” a 144-year interval that occurred which occurred between ca. 1543 and 1687.[4] If we identify this period with the sword interval, then we must consider ourselves to be on the threshold of the evolutionary arc. Further population die-offs and economic disruptions seem probable because of climate change and environmental devastation generally, with the possibility of local nuclear attacks or accidents always present. This process has already begun of course. The First World War saw 16,403,000 casualties. The Second World War saw 12 million dead. The Holocaust added another 11 million. To this, we must add the slave trade, the modern history of which began in the 17th century, not long after the advent of finance capitalism, and which has afflicted untold millions right up until the present day. It seems we are hell-bent on destroying the planet and each other as soon as possible. It also seems that the only way to stop this is a global catastrophe of unimaginable proportions.
The Coming of Metteyya
The age, perhaps roughly 80,000 years hence, when humanity has finally achieved greatly enhanced human longevity, disease is nearly unknown, and prosperity is universal, characterized by high-density housing and a large population with many cities (the text says that it is as crowded as hell!), will be a veritable golden age. Women will enter puberty at the equivalent age of one year. This vision is of course exactly the scientific utopian vision of the future, which one also finds in the Kalachakra prophecies concerning the dharma society of the future, Shambhala. This may surprise those who believe in a kind of neo-Taoist Buddhism of “return to nature,” though he two views are not necessarily incompatible.
There is a common view that Buddhas make their appearance near the low point of human civilization. While this was true of Gotama, it was not true of the Buddhas before him, nor will it be true of Metteyya (Skt. Maitreya), the Coming Buddha, who will appear during the age of the 80,000-year “lifespan,” at the height of human civilization. Says the sutta,
In that time of the people with an eighty thousand year life-span, there will arise in the world a Blessed Lord, an Arahant fully enlightened Buddha named Metteyya, endowed with wisdom and conduct, a Well-Farer, Knower of the Worlds, incomparable Trainer of men to be tamed, Teacher of gods (devas) and humans, enlightened and blessed, just as I am now. He will thoroughly know by his own super-knowledge, and proclaim, this universe with its devas and maras and Brahmas, its ascetics and Brahmins, and this generation with its princes and people, just as I do now. He will teach the Dhamma, lovely in its beginning, lovely in its middle, lovely in its ending, in the spirit and in the letter, and proclaim, just as I do now, the holy life in its fullness and purity. He will be attended by a company of thousands of monks, just as I am attended by a company of hundreds.
Many people throughout history have identified themselves with Metteyya, beginning with Wu Zetian (624–705), the only ruling female emperor in the history of China, who ruthlessly persecuted her opponents in the royal family by cutting off their arms and legs and inserting them in jars, and most recently, Ram Bahadur Bomjon (b. 1990), a Nepalese nicknamed “Buddha Boy.” However, it is clear, disregarding the improbably extended longevity of human beings, that the essential conditions of Metteyya’s coming, viz., a global human die-off followed by a cultural revolution, the establishment of a dharma society, and the appearance of a universal golden age, have yet to be fulfilled. According to the sutta, all of these conditions are preconditions of Metteyya’s appearance, not the result of it. Metteyya will teach the Buddhadharma in its perfection, both exoteric and esoteric, but his sangha will be ten times larger than that of Gotama. This will only come about, in accordance with the law of karma, when the conditions are right.
The Dharma Refuge
The Buddha reiterates the advice to the monastics to be refuges unto themselves, with no other refuge than the Dharma itself.
Once again, the Buddha emphasizes that emancipation is an endeavour of, for, and by the individual. One is not saved by anyone or anything outside of one’s self, which raises an interesting quandary for those who believe that the Buddha denied the existence of a self, as distinct from a certain sort of self or a certain way of seeing the self. He even says that the individual alone is their own refuge, with no other refuge – a startling thought given the great religious solemnity of the Threefold Refuge. Have Buddhists been taking refuge in the wrong thing all this time? Taking refuge in oneself is then identified with taking refuge in the Dharma. Note the singularity of this formula – taking refuge in the Buddha and the sangha are not mentioned! Some scholars have observed that there appear to be references to a unitary refuge formula in which one takes refuge in the Dharma only, which is consistent with this advice and similar advice expressed in the Mahaparinibbana Sutta. The threefold formula appears to be a later innovation, as Buddhism became more focused on the deification of the Buddha and the sangha was establishing its hegemony.[5]
The Four Attentions
He then reiterates the Four Attentions and the Ancestral Haunts, already discussed.
The Four Roads to Power
By remaining in the forest, according to my interpretation of “ancestral haunts,” the Buddha says that the quality of life, beauty, happiness, wealth, and power will all increase. Each of these attainments seems to be associated with a specific practice or set of related practices. Presumably, then, these are the practices in which a forest-dwelling monastic engages in order to produce the fruits described in the sutta. Specifically, quality of life is attained by a set of four related practices called the Four Roads to Power. Beauty is attained by Right Conduct. Happiness is attained by the cultivation of detachment. Wealth is attained by the cultivation of loving kindness. Finally, Power is attained by a practice called the liberation of heart and wisdom. It seems that the Buddha has adapted these four goals, since beauty, wealth, and power seem rather ill-suited to monastics. Thus, the Buddha asks, what do these goals mean for a monastic.
Those of you who attended my talk on the Mahaparinibbana Sutta (DN 19) may remember the Buddha’s comment to Ananda that, had Ananda asked him to do so, the Buddha could have overcome his illness by an effort of will and lived out his full human lifespan of about one hundred years. Nevertheless, the technique by which this may be accomplished is called the Road to Power (a.k.a the Four Roads to Power), which is also described in sutta. 18. This is broken down into four specific concentration exercises: (1) concentration of intention, (2) concentration of energy, (3) concentration of consciousness, and (4) concentration of investigation. According to the text, each exercise is accompanied by an effort of will. Perhaps this is as good a place as any to mention that while this and other meditative practices are alluded to in the Pali Canon, the actual methods are only discussed in the briefest possible way. Clearly, the techniques were more detailed and the texts must have been supplemented by verbal instructions that were given by the Buddha or his disciples directly to the monastics in person. This shows that the Pali Canon is not complete, but is merely a compilation of teachings that must have been elaborated in detail when the actual exercises were taught to the monastics. Alternatively, the absence of details might also imply that the redactors of the Pali Canon themselves were beginning to forget the details. Unfortunately, this aspect of the oral tradition has been largely lost to us over the course of time. David Chapman discusses this in the context of the Theravada in his blog, “Theravada Reinvents Meditation” The Road to Power is especially interesting because it shows that at least some Buddhist meditations were not directed towards the direct attainment of enlightenment, but were concerned with the acquisition of the so-called iddhi, psychic attainments or even magical powers. This is why the later traditions have so much of value to contribute because they represent the fruits and insights of actual practice instead of a faded collective memory.
Right Conduct
Before I mentioned that beauty, wealth, and power seem to be peculiar goals for a monk. Thus, the Buddha reinterprets beauty as right conduct, by which the rules of training are perfected.
Detachment
Happiness is interpreted as detachment by the Buddha, which is perfected by the practice of the Four Jhanas.
Loving Kindness
Wealth is another of those surprising goals, which is reinterpreted by the Buddha as loving-kindness, the familiar metta meditation, by which the monastic suffuses the whole world with compassion.
Liberation of the Heart by Wisdom
Finally, the Buddha identifies power with the destruction of the corruptions or taints, consisting of craving for sensual pleasures, craving for existence, and ignorance, to which attachment to views was added by the commentaries. The literal meaning of the word translated as “corruptions,” asava, is ‘discharge from a sore.’ This power is the corruptionless liberation of heart by wisdom. Heart in Pali is citta, which means heart/mind, wisdom the salvific principle itself as I have mentioned. Heart also suggests calming meditation; wisdom, insight meditation, or wisdom based on a serene heart.
The Power of Mara
Interestingly, the discussion of the Road to Power, culminating in power, perhaps “empowerment” is better, culminating in the liberation of the heart by wisdom that is attained by realization segues into a discussion of the power of Mara. The commonalty is clearly power, which identifies this practice as proto-Tantric in character. Power (bala) in itself is neither enlightened nor unenlightened, both of which are ultimately dualistic concepts. The energy of enlightenment immediately posits the energy of unenlightenment.
Merit
The Buddha concludes with the statement that merit increases with the accumulation of wholesome states. The phrase translated as “wholesome’ is upaya kausalya, which literally translated means something closer to “effective” than the rather indefinite connotations of the English “wholesome.” Upaya means something like “strategy,” whereas kausalya is ‘skilful’ or even ‘capable.’ I think we see here another indication of the influence of the mercantile society, his largest constituency, in which the Buddha lived, on Buddhist thinking. Just as Buddhism resolves ethics into the ontological fact of the law of karma, so does it resolve morality into that which works. Buddhist ethics are ultimate pragmatism. Buckminster Fuller declared similarly that a moral or ethical system is simply an empirical fact that developed experientially as the most optimum or efficient human response to the environment. In the case of Buddhism, ethics are embedded in actuality, not in the form of an ‘ought,’ but in the form of a fundamental ontological fact – the law of causality, extended to include mind as a sense and mind-objects as the objects of the mental sense.
Notes
1. The period implied between successive appearances of the Wheel Treasures is described as “many hundreds and thousands of years.” The minimum therefore is 4,400 years and the maximum just shy of a million years. Eight periods are implied from the accession of Dalhanemi to the accession of his seventh successor. The minimum possible time implied, then, is 8 × 4,400 = 35,200 years. The maximum is slightly less than eight million years.
2. Based on the sutta, the total duration of an antarakappa is 80,000 + 40,000 + 20,000 + 10,000 + 5,000 + 2,500 + 1,000 + 500 + 250 + 100 + 50 + 25 + 10 + 20 + 40 + 80 + 160 + 320 + 640 + 2,000 + 4,000 + 8,000 + 20,000 + 40,000 + 80,000 = 314,695 years, divided into devolutionary and evolutionary arcs of roughly 160,000 years each, despite the traditional view that is “incalculable.” It is interesting to note, therefore, that the earliest known fossil of Homo sapiens, our own species, is just about 160,000 years old. Three hundred twenty thousand years ago marks fundamental advancements in tool making and the first evidence for regular use of fire and the burial of the dead. Perhaps the absurd longevities given in the Pali Canon are not so absurd if we regard them as referring to ages of humanity rather than to ages of human individuals (http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2003/06/11_idaltu.shtml). If we regard the numbers as an arithmetical expression of historical devolution, the “stepped” character of the transforms suggests a cataclysmic rather than a continuous view of history, characterized by intermittent episodes of rapid change, which is now the dominant model of biological evolution.
3. Thus, we might identify the “sword interval” with the Scientific Revolution. The word sattha is also related to Sanskrit svasta, related to swastika, referring perhaps to the the generally destructive, anti-human effects of the ideology of scientific materialism (which includes philosophical materialism, Newtonian science, industrialism, social Darwinism, communism, fascism, capitalism, “scientism,” and technocracy), which are by no means past. We are therefore technically still in this “fascist” period dominated by the “reptilian” (or asura) mode of consciousness that has come to dominate the ego as a result of the collapse of the transcendental function. Buddhologist A.K. Warder (University of Toronto) identifies the sword interval with a series of major wars.
4. “While its dates are disputed, the publication in 1543 of Nicolaus Copernicus’s De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) is often cited as marking the beginning of the scientific revolution, and its completion is attributed to the grand synthesis’ of Newton’s 1687 Principia.” (Wikipedia [2015, Jan. 19], “Scientific revolution”).
5. See Rhys Davids (1931; rpt. 1996), The Minor Anthologies of the Pali Canon, Part 1 (Oxford: Pali Text Society), pp. xxvi, xliii ff.
Dharmata 